以石油酸为主要原料的重油乳化剂的研制

采用石油酸与三乙醇胺，非离子型表面活性剂复配制备了一种廉价的重油乳化剂，最佳配方为石油酸500mg，三乙醇胺25mg，非离子表面活性剂2为25mg，乳化助剂H20mg,pH11（共占乳化油总质量的0．57％），可使油水质量比为70：30的油包水型乳化重油在80℃下稳定36h，实验过程中采用均匀设计与调优软件进行实验方案的设计和实验结果的优化，考察了乳化剂中石油酸与三乙醇胺和非离子表面活性剂量的协同作用以及PH的影响。结果表明，组分间交互作用明显，在不同的配方下，组分的作用会有很大变化，有时甚至会是相反的。     

SBR法处理柠檬酸废水的试验研究

SBR法处理柠檬酸废水的实验研究结果表明 :当柠檬酸废水COD浓度为 5 0 0— 2 5 0 0mg/L时 ,采用 16h运行周期 ,曝气进水 ,对COD均有很好的去除效果 ,一般在 90 %左右 ;当进水 pH在 3— 10的范围内 ,对COD去除率没有多大影响 ,但保持进水pH在 7— 8之间可以缩短反应时间 ;出水浊度与污泥的沉降性能有关 ,进水结束时MLSS应在 3.5 g/L左右。     

环境中全氟有机物的毒性、检测分析及降解

自全氟有机物广泛使用50多年以来,已经在世界范围内发现一定浓度的全氟有机物,各国研究人员针对该类物质特别是全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟辛烷基磺酸(PFOS)进行了一定的研究.介绍了该类物质的污染现状,阐述了全氟有机物的毒性、检测分析技术及降解技术,在此基础上提出了今后的研究方向.     

Humic acid enhanced remediation of an emplaced diesel source in groundwater. 1. Laboratory-based pilot scale test

The enhanced solubility of petroleum-derived compounds in humic acid solutions is the basis for a new groundwater remediation technology. In this unique pilot-scale test, a stationary contaminant source consisting of diesel fuel was placed below the water table in a model sand aquifer (1.2 x 5.5 x 1.8-m deep) and flushed with water at a flow rate of 2 cm/h over 5 years. At 51 days, laboratory grade humic acid was added to the water and maintained at a level of approximately 0.8 g/l. The addition of humic acid had only a small impact on the aqueous transport of the BTEX components, which were rapidly dissolved from the diesel, but had a large effect on the flushing of PAHs, including methylated naphthalenes (MNs). Binding to aqueous humic acid enhanced the solubilization of MNs two- to tenfold. During aqueous transport, biodegradation of the BTEX and PAHs occurred, limiting the lateral and longitudinal extent of the diesel contaminant plume in the model aquifer. It appears that through enhanced solubilization, the overall biodegradation rate of the MNs was increased. As the various MNs were depleted from the diesel source, the MN plume shrank and then disappeared.     

试论酸雨问题及控制对策

本文论述了酸雨的形成、分布特点、变化规律、危害及控制措施等问题．     

中国大气酸沉降与土壤酸化问题

我国对大气酸沉降的研究起自７０年代末．以酸雨研究占主导地位。我国酸雨现象区域性、发展性强，在地理上以南方酸性土壤地区为主，在成分上以硫酸盐型酸雨为主；无论是酸度还是频率，酸雨都是极严重的生态环境问题。酸沉降已对农、林生态系统生产产生了严重的破坏效应，但其累积性的环境化学反馈却未引起人们的足够重视。我国酸雨地区以强酸性富铝土壤为主，对大气酸沉降有较大的敏感性。应用β指标还表明，酸沉降可使南方主要土壤因酸化而在３０—６０年内降低ｐＨ一个单位。近年来对酸沉降诱发的土壤酸化研究以模拟降水的土柱试验为主，从ｐＨ下降、盐基淋出、Ａｌ及重金属移动等方面来提示出酸沉降可能对土壤产生的化学影响。但作为过程化学研究，其案例监测研究的报道尚很少。对于南方严重的酸雨现象，应加强实地动态监测和过程分析，注重Ａｌ化学及其对环境的反馈，将酸沉降对生态系统的破坏提高到生态毒理机制上。     

Oviposition by butterflies on young leaves: Investigation of leaf volatiles

Summary Various butterflies select young foliage on which to lay their eggs; volatiles emitted by young and old leaves have been compared (by sorption enrichment, followed by GC-MS) to gauge possible qualitative and quantitative differences between the two age groups. The plants investigated are cabbage (Brassica oleracea), two milkweeds (Asclepias syriaca andA. curassavica), the bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) and the lime (C. aurantiifolia). The chemical compounds identified belong to three classes, isoprenoids, fatty acid derivatives and benzenoids. Quantitative differences were found between young and old leaves, of which a few may be characteristic of young leaves only. Thirty-four single trials withDanaus plexippus exposed to volatiles from young and old leaves are recorded.     

Chloroacetic acids in environmental processes

The fate of chloroacetic acids (CAA) in forest soils was studied using radio-indicator methods. We showed that chloroacetic acids are both microbially degraded and simultaneously formed by chloroperoxidase-mediated chlorination of acetic and humic acids. The degree of biodegradation of chloroacetic acids in soil depends on their concentration. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is degraded faster than trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Chlorination of acetic acid led to a fast formation of dichloroacetic acid, whereas chlorination of humic acids gave rise to trichloroacetic acid. Both processes lead to a steady state in soil, participate in the chlorine cycle and possibly also in decomposition of organic matter in forest ecosystems.     

SAS/IPPA/AA三元共聚物对碳酸钙阻垢性能的研究

以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,丙烯磺酸钠、异丙烯膦酸和丙烯酸为单体,合成了三元共聚物丙烯磺酸钠/异丙烯膦酸/丙烯酸(SAS/ IPPA/AA),研究了共聚物在不同水质条件下对CaCO3的阻垢性能,探讨了共聚物浓度、pH值、钙离子浓度、碳酸根离子浓度和温度等条件对CaCO3的阻垢性能的影响,结果显示,在共聚物用量为18mg·l-1时,可使阻垢率达到100%.     

官厅水库-永定河沉积物中AVS-SEM的分析

酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)与同步提取的重金属(SEM)之间的比例关系是控制缺氧性沉积物中重金属生物有效性及毒性的主要因素．本文设计了一套新型吹气．吸收装置测定水体沉积物中的AVS，提高了AVS的回收率及测定操作的稳定性．并应用此装置测定了官厅水库-永定河水体沉积物中AVS-SEM的分布。